In this context high and low temperature, high humidity in some circumstances, excessively strong wind, inadequate ventilation and/or air movement and high levels of harmful air pollutants such as ammonia are examples of a harsh environment.
Birds housed at very high densities can often attract adverse commentsĪ harsh environment is defined as the one that is outside of the comfort range of the birds. Increases the probability of a significant drop in performance. Increases the probability that undesirable behavioural changes may occur. Increases the risk of infectious disease passing from one bird to another. Importantly, the confinement of the birds at higher stocking densities has a number of disadvantages also including: Better organisation management to suit the type and age of the birds housed. Better organisation of the stocking program. Increases the number of birds that can be maintained by the same labour force. Reduces the labour costs in the management of the birds. Provides a degree of protection from predators. The following are of major importance when considering the health, welfare and husbandry requirements for a flock: Confine the birdsĬonfining the birds provides a number of advantages: The manager must know in detail the requirements of the situation and then select a genotype best suited to that situation. Another example would be to choose a genotype best suited for use in a tropical environment. If the market requires eggs to have brown shells, the genotype selected must be a brown shell layer. A good example is that of brown eggshells. However, having made that decision, it is then necessary to analyse the management situation and market to select a genotype that suits the management situation and/or produces a commodity suitable for that market. The obvious first decision is to choose meat type for meat production and an egg type for egg production. 
If the enterprise is to be successful it is necessary to use stock known to be of good quality and of the appropriate genotype for the commodity to be produced in the management situation to be used. The Principles of Poultry Husbandry are: The quality and class of stock Every facet of the poultry operation should be tested against the relevant principle(s). This means that, while the Principles do not change, the degree of emphasis and method of application may change. The importance of each Principle changes with the situation and thus the emphasis placed on each may alter from place to place and from time to time. These requirements are also called Principles. These requirements are the keys to good management and may be used to test the management of a poultry enterprise in relation to the standard of its management. There are a number of requirements by which animals should be managed so that the best performance is achieved in a way acceptable to those responsible for the care of the animals and to the community generally.
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